Django表达式F和Q

F表达式

F表达式是用来优化ORM操作数据库的。例如、我们要将公司所有员工的薪水都增加1000元,如果按照正常的流程,应该是先从数据库中提取所有的员工工资到Python内存中,然后使用Python代码在员工工资的基础上增加1000元,最后再保存到数据库中。这里面涉及的流程就是:受限要从数据库中提取数据到Python内存中,然后再Python内存中做完运算,之后再保存到数据库中。示例代码如下:

employees = temployee.objects.all()
for employee in employees:
    employee.salary += 1000
    employee.save()

而如果我们使用F表达式就可以优化这个流程,他可以不需要先把数据从数据库中提取出来,计算完成后再保存回去;而是直接执行SQL语句,将员工工资增加1000元。示例代码如下:

from django.db.models import F
Employee.object.update(salary=F("salary")+1000)

F表达式不会马上从数据库中获取数据,而是在生成SQL语句的时候,动态的获取传给F表达式的值。再比如我们要向获取作者中name和email相同的作者数据。如果不适用F表达式那么需要使用下面的代码来完成:

authors = Author.objects.all()
for author in authors:
    if author.name == author.email:
        print(author)

但是如果我们使用F表达式,一行代码就可以搞定。具体代码如下:

from django.db.models import F 
authors = Author.objects.filter(name=F("emial"))

Q表达式

如果要想获取所有价格高于100元,并且评分高于9.0以上评分的图书。我们可以通过夏敏的代码来实现:

books = Book.objects.filter(price__gte=100,rating__gte=9)

上面这个案例是一个并集查询,可以简单的通过传递过个条件进去来实现。但是如果想要实现一些复杂的查询语句,比如我们要查询所有价格低于10元,或者是评分低于9分的图书。那就没办法通过传递多个条件进行实现了。这个时候我们就需要适用Q表达式来实现了。具体代码如下:

from django.db.models import Q
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(price__lte=10) | Q(rating__lte=9))

上面进行的是或运算,当然还可以进行其他的运算,比如有 & 和 ~ (非)等。我们可以参考下面的一些Q表达式的例如:

from django.db.models import Q
# 获取id等于3的图书
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(id=3))

# 获取id等于3,或者名字中包含文字“记”的图书
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(id=3) | Q(name__contains("记")))

# 获取价格大于100,并且书名中包含“记”的图书
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(price__gte=100) & Q(name__contains("记")))

# 获取书名包含“记”,但是id不等于3的图书
books = Book.objects.filter(Q(name__contains("记")) & ~Q(id=3))

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